Fat in Dog Food: How Much Is Right and Which Types

By Tailwisp Editorial TeamUpdated October 17, 20263 min read

Fat has a bad reputation in human diets, but for dogs it is an essential, energy-rich nutrient. It carries fat-soluble vitamins, makes food taste good and supplies fatty acids dogs cannot make themselves. The trick is getting the right amount and type.

What fat does

• Energy. Fat provides more than twice the calories per gram of protein or carbohydrate.
• Essential fatty acids. Dogs need linoleic acid and benefit from other omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.
• Skin and coat. Fatty acids keep skin healthy and the coat glossy.
• Vitamin absorption. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble.
• Brain and eye development, especially in puppies, through DHA.
• Palatability.

How much fat

Standards set minimum fat levels, around five percent of dry matter for adult maintenance and higher for growth and reproduction. See AAFCO and FEDIAF standards. Typical commercial foods contain more. Active and working dogs use fat as a major fuel, so higher-fat diets can suit them. See feeding active dogs.

Omega-6 and omega-3

• Omega-6 fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, are found in poultry fat and plant oils. They support skin and coat.
• Omega-3 fatty acids, such as EPA and DHA, are found in fish oils. They have anti-inflammatory effects and are important for brain and joint health.
• The balance between omega-6 and omega-3 matters, and many diets contain more omega-6 than omega-3.

See our guide to fish oil for dogs.

Sources of fat

• Animal fats such as chicken fat and beef tallow
• Fish oils, such as salmon oil
• Plant oils, such as sunflower, flaxseed and coconut oil

Different fats have different fatty acid profiles. Flaxseed oil provides ALA, an omega-3 that dogs convert poorly to EPA and DHA, so fish or algae oils are more direct sources.

When fat should be limited

• Pancreatitis. Dogs prone to this inflammatory condition may need a low-fat diet. See diet for dogs with pancreatitis and our guide to pancreatitis.
• Obesity. Fat is calorie-dense, so weight-loss diets often have less fat. See our guide to helping an overweight dog lose weight.
• Certain digestive conditions.

Always check with your vet.

Signs of too little fat

• Dry, dull coat
• Flaky skin
• Poor growth
• Low energy

Signs of too much fat

• Weight gain
• Loose, greasy stools
• Vomiting after rich meals
• Pancreatitis in susceptible dogs

Table scraps

Fatty trimmings, bacon and grease can overload a dog's system. Avoid them. See table scraps and fatty foods.

Choosing a food with the right fat

Check the guaranteed analysis for crude fat, and the calorie content, since fat raises energy density. Look for named fat sources, such as chicken fat or salmon oil, and for a statement that the diet contains omega-3 fatty acids. If your dog has itchy skin or stiff joints, ask your vet whether a diet with added EPA and DHA might help, rather than adding random oils.

Preserving fat quality

Fats can go rancid when exposed to air, heat and light. Store food in its original bag, keep it sealed and use it before the date on the pack. Throw away food that smells sharp, bitter or like old paint. Fish oil supplements should be stored as directed, often in the refrigerator.

Adjusting for the individual

Two dogs of the same breed can have very different needs. A sleek, active dog may burn through a high-fat diet, while a sedentary neutered dog may gain weight on the same food. Track body condition and adjust portions, not just fat percentages.

The takeaway

Fat is a vital nutrient. Choose a diet with appropriate levels, include omega-3 sources and adjust for your dog's health and activity.

This article is general educational information, not veterinary advice. Every dog is different. If your dog is unwell, or you are unsure about a symptom, diet change or medication, contact your veterinarian.